Behavioral Science Essay Example

Behavioral Science Essay Example Behavioral Science Essay Behavioral Science Essay 595,000 people, most likely men, women, handicapped, aged, kick, prisoners of war, forced laborers, camp inmates, critics, homosexuals, Jews, Slavs, Seers, Germans, Czech, Italians, Poles, French, Ukrainians, and many others. (1992) Or. Josef Mangle, nicknamed The Angel of Death, and other Nazi doctors had a chance to study science without the hindering voices of humanitarianism. The death camps tortured men, women, and children with medical experiments previously designated for only animals. Victims were exposed to experimental surgeries, injected with lethal germs, and made to endure sex change operations. Often times, victims limbs and organs were removed to study their reactions. Mangle injected chemicals into the eyes of children in an attempt to change their eye color. He carried out twin-to-twin transfusions, stitched twins together, and castrated or sterilized them. Eugenics had come to fruition and science, the new religion, had reared its ugly head for all to see. By the end of WI, the stench of death grew thicker with the discovery Of Germanys racial hygiene. The sheer magnitude of bodies was enough to send any eugenicist backbreaking. As quickly as it had exploded, the flames of eugenics were extinguished. The public, in view of this social anathema, felt utterly disturbed and disgusted. Support for eugenics programs fell to a silence in the Western World; a price that would force many scientists to resent their burden of Hitler. The Slim peppery Slope It is said, you can kill a man, but you cannot destroy what he stands for. In much the same way, the ideology of eugenics has survived the holocaust. For years, it has lurked in the periphery of science and news media; but, as the resonating effects of WI have begun to wear off, technology has restored faith in science. Once again, American culture finds itself particularly susceptible to the dangerous ideology of behavioral genetics. The haunting words Of Gallon still echo a clear progression of academia, practical policy, and then national consciousness as a new religion (Caving-Coffee, 2000). Already, America is taking steps toward the catastrophe of history repeating itself. At the heart of American consciousness is a belief that hard work and perseverance can overcome any disadvantage of wealth or class. The history of the U. S. Is filled with entrepreneur tales of the American dream. In fact, many individuals have risen from poverty to gain prosperity, wealth, and political power. Those who prosper, by either personal achievement or airtight, have difficulty accepting the problems that social order may provide for those in deficiency. Consequently, many of these conservatives believe that social stratification is a natural result of variation in talent and character (Miller, 1996). In view of Americas Social policies, conservatives can become resentful and even racist. Conservatives within the academic world have nurtured eugenics back from the ashes. With the help of an ancient foundation, The Pioneer Fund, the new movement has been able to break ground in modern research. In 1 937, Harry Guilin and eugenic colleagues formed the foundation as a tool to promote horses of black inferiority (Miller, 1983). Under the guise of behavioral science, millions of dollars have been donated to help the eugenic cause Once again reach fruition. Thomas Boucher, a leading psychologist at the University of Minnesota, has received large sums of money from the Pioneer Fund to research the traits of twins separated at birth and reared apart. According to Buckboards results, intelligence turned out to be 70 percent genetic. Previous research in twin studies had included unethical experimentation (Josef Mangle) and even deception (Sir Cyril Burt). Crucial experimentation such as this is often prone o fraudulent claims. Strangely enough, Boucher did not release the methodology of his findings; so, no other scientists could examine how he found these high results. By doing this, Boucher has guaranteed that no one can disprove him. Authors Richard Hermiston and Charles Murray made a similar claim in their pioneer funded book, The Bell Curve. The book claims that inherited intelligence is the main determiner of a persons potential. Hermiston and Murray take the complex idea of intelligence and presume to measure it objectively through written tests. They conclude from their finding hat whites are genetically more intelligent than blacks are; this idea parallels that of the Pioneer Fund. Accordingly, there is no amount of social progress that can change the genetic inferiority of certain races. Through a book of statistics and scientific jargon, the have-knots are once again told that their lives are futile. The book conveniently explains much of the economic inequality in American society, while simultaneously guaranteeing that only intelligent types can understand it. For those that can understand it, the message is clear: reduce the number of children born to low IQ mothers. The kook does well to euthanize low-end society and it provides a suggestion for an easy cleanup. According to Hermiston and Murray, low IQ accounts for poverty, class status and criminal activity. By eliminating welfare and tightening immigration (sound familiar), you eliminate the members at the bottom of society and the poverty and delinquency along with them. In eugenic fashion, The Bell Curve captivated the nation and gained exposure on major media outlets such as Nightline, New York Times, and Rolling Stone magazine. Another major publication, Crime and Human Nature, by Hermiston and Wilson looked into criminal behavior. Hermiston and Willows research characterized a criminal stereotype. In a whopping generalization, they were able to define typical age, sex, intelligence, personality, and even body structure of a criminal. This data predicted what a defective criminal looks like. The movie Minority Report expands upon this very design, judging and convicting people before they commit a crime. How ever unlikely it is for science fiction to become a reality, it is hard not to acknowledge American cultures fascination with genetic criminal behavior. This fascination has resulted in a recent government program called the Violence Initiative. It has dumped millions of dollars into research focused on the biological roots of violence. Dry. Frederick Goodwin, now head of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Was once the head Of the Violence Initiative; however, he stepped down after a stint of racial statements. While explaining the program, he declared that the Violence Initiative was designed to try to find out who might be more likely to go on to becoming labeled eventually as delinquent or criminal (Bringing, 1993). The demographic here is unfortunately children. Today, parents throughout America are told that the problems their children eve adjusting at home and school are biologically based. Already millions of children are behaviorally controlled by means of psychotropic drugs such as Rattail, Dexedrine, and Derail. With society focus on drugs and the huge resulting drug industry, it is no surprise that dangerous research with children has been approved. In 1998, researchers in New York selected 100 African American and Latino boys to test their violent behavior. The boys were chosen because their older brothers had been through the criminal justice system. The recently recalled drug fingernail was given to the children in he hopes that the drug which triggers the brain to release serotonin, could lessen aggression (Learn, 1998). The study exploited the children with their use of stereotypes and generalizations, but this was not the first time male aggression had been studied. On Seep. 7, 1968, an English medical journal Lancet held an article on the 47-SEXY eukaryote. This genetic condition bestowed upon its owner an extra Y-chromosome (instead of the common 46-XX). Since the Y chromosome was known to be responsible for the development of male physical traits, it was thought that the extra Y might account for extra maleness. To many scientists, this meant more aggressive, irresponsible, and criminal behavior that is specific to men. The author, Nielsen, claimed that the prevalence Of SEXY within the prison system is 25-60 times higher than general population levels. The study, based upon conjecture and small sample size, was found to be completely erroneous; but nonetheless, the findings excited the science world and mesmerisms the public. Quite suddenly and absolutely, anyone with SEXY was characterized as a criminal. The media only reinforced this sentiment by featuring serious criminals presumed to have the genetic defect. Despite falsifying evidence against the SEXY criminality, American cultures interest and belief in the issue has not been destroyed. The American media often report researchers findings long after they have been disproved. Since so much of the modern world relies on science and technology, many people have been bred into a type of blind faith in its decisions. The SEXY situation is a good example of science leading society astray. The erroneous findings of few lead to the characterization and maltreatment of many. American culture stands at a pivotal point within contemporary law and public policy as the behavioral emetics movement threatens to invade. In recent news, eugenics has been seen. A program in Southern California was formed to help stop defectives from propagating. The program offered drug addicted women with a history of bearing children $200 for voluntary sterilization or long-term birth control. The program, called CRACK (Children Requiring a Caring Community), advertised their proposal by sending out fliers with the message, Dont let pregnancy ruin your drug habit (Riposte and Watt, 1998). This program was designed specifically to keep the drug addicts down, while ensuring they do to reproduce. Another contemporary issue has been the resurfacing of euthanasia. Dry. Jack Savoring used the dubious justification of terminally ill people to reject life-prolonging treatment in his assisted suicides. Through much of the controversy surrounding his case, euthanasia was able to once again gain support and become a common banrod. The recent case of Terrier Achieve has illustrated the persistence of the conservative front. Caviars court ordered death was a result of a modern utilitarian ethic that challenges public policy and criminal law in a progressively eugenic outlook. Already Americas closest allies, Great Britain, have begun to tackle the issue of genetic informations influence on criminal law. The Minefield Council on Bioethics in London reported that the use of genetic information be considered when sentencing convicted offenders. They state that: [T]he criminal justice system should be open to new insights from disciplines that it has not necessarily considered in the past. The regular exchange of ideas in this area between researchers in behavioral genetics, criminologists and lawyers could be an effective means of ensuring that legal concepts of accessibility are assessed against current evidence from the behavioral and medical sciences. (Minefield, 2002) This effectively treats criminals different depending on which genes they have, a trait that is out of their control. Despite the uncertain nature of the evidence, genetic use is snowballing toward public law and policy. The field of genetics has given society other law concerns as well. Ideas such as embryo and stem cell research, assisted reproduction, cloning, and DNA prevarication are all new ethical issues that culture will be forced to deal with. Currently, well-informed scientists build their influence for these arguments hill the common nonprofessional becomes another unwitting pawn. The slim peppery slope to full-scale eugenics and possible Nazism comes ever closer. Western culture may be capable of accepting another national consciousness. Many people envision a eugenic future for society that should have happened long ago. They claim that the early eugenic movement was merely a mishap, a product of ignorance and prejudice. A series of resentful statements by noteworthy scientists have tried to debunk the stigma associated with eugenics so that it might again thrive. Scientist Marion Van Court claimed, the Nazis pseudoscience perversion of the eugenics concept had the greatest influence on public opinion, promulgating the notion of eugenics as the ideology of racism and genocide (Van Court, 1982). Van Court fails to see that eugenics is associated with these ignorant notions because the science itself is inherently discriminatory. Others publicly advocate a new eugenics consciousness. Raymond B. Chattel, a renowned psychologist, claimed in an interview that at present, we have unemployment On rather a large scale in most industrialized countries Which can be eliminated only by elimination of emetic lag on the culture (The Eugenics Bulletin, 1984). Chattel, well known for his book Beyond, described the need for a new evolution in religion that would allow eugenic morals and values. Chattel represents classic Coalition eugenics that require a restructuring of civic laws to increase the distance between people of dissimilar race (Miller, 1997). Another significant racist view comes from Dry. William Pierce. Besides founding his own organization for the propagation of the white Anglo race, Pierce has written fictional accounts of what the future holds under a racist eugenic movement. He contends that a systematic extermination of inferior individuals is necessary for the evolution of humankind. It is impossible to deny the proliferation of racist ideology within the scientific community. They seek to carry society into the third and last stage of Gallons model of eugenic success. Conclusion Behavioral geneticists have become the astrologers of the modern era. They have defined behaviors inconsistently, yielded unreliable and non- reproducible results, and used fraudulent methodology that questions their integrity. The field succeeds only in individual cases that typically apply to society through generalization, prejudice, and bigotry. As is usually the case, the heart of the problem has to do with how society uses the results (Learn, 1998); however, behavioral geneticists should be held accountable. The fields reductionism approach limits its thinking to only the tiniest parts, so that they often fail to see the importance of viewing things as a whole. Nevertheless, there should be a realization that scientists have a duty to exercise self-restraint in pressing further those scientific activities that may result in dangers for the whole of humankind (Stone, 1973). As the history in his paper has clarified, the behavioral genetic field is filled with errors, bad intentions, and explosive atrocities. Gallons eugenic ideology gave white Anglo-Saxons a sense of purity and superiority that fueled the flames of Hitters genocide. The total number of sterilizations and deaths the field is responsible for is in the millions. Its blackened history should be enough to stifle its progress, but the field continues to thrust forward. In recent times, Buckboards twin studies, Hermistons academic backing, and the Violence Initiatives governmental support have allowed genetic studies on children ND a continued focus on behavioral genetics.

Free Essays on Colorado Votes On Renewable Energy

Colorado is the first state to vote on renewable energy ever during the 2004 election. Surprisingly 52 percent of voters had backed the proposal while 48 percent opposed it. By 2025 Colorado hopes to push renewable energy up to 10 percent rather than the current 2 percent. Sixteen other states have similar regulations but those were passed through legislation. Amendment 37 this proposal, plans to affect 7 different utility company’s in the state. Most of the conservation will be made with the source of wind. Who is going to pay for this? Will the upfront cost effect those who are already suffering from expensive utility bills. Amendment 37 has many benefits to include the following. Customers could save $236 million on electricity and natural gas bills, create 2,000 jobs, $70 million in additional income and $50 million in gross state product, $15 million in gross land leasing for those living in rural areas because of wind towers, and $107 million in new property tax revenues for local communities. Other important benefits are environmental. Coal burning facilities would reduce pollution in the atmosphere creating obviously a healthier environment to live in. The battle for the approval of Amendment 37 was one by 5-4 ration. Those who were in the loser’s bracket were looking on this end of the spectrum. These voters’s were probably looking at the cost of this proposal. Even though the cost of such Amendment was repeatedly asked for, they have yet to come up with the grand total. The use of solar energy has some critics worried because solar paneling is very expensive. Xcel which is the largest company that falls under the proposal announced that it plans to increase natural gas prices by 26%. Another company Tri-State G&T announced a 14% increase in its wholesale electricity rates. These increases have many skeptical on whether Amendment 37 will actually save money or will the prices continue to rise eve... Free Essays on Colorado Votes On Renewable Energy Free Essays on Colorado Votes On Renewable Energy Colorado is the first state to vote on renewable energy ever during the 2004 election. Surprisingly 52 percent of voters had backed the proposal while 48 percent opposed it. By 2025 Colorado hopes to push renewable energy up to 10 percent rather than the current 2 percent. Sixteen other states have similar regulations but those were passed through legislation. Amendment 37 this proposal, plans to affect 7 different utility company’s in the state. Most of the conservation will be made with the source of wind. Who is going to pay for this? Will the upfront cost effect those who are already suffering from expensive utility bills. Amendment 37 has many benefits to include the following. Customers could save $236 million on electricity and natural gas bills, create 2,000 jobs, $70 million in additional income and $50 million in gross state product, $15 million in gross land leasing for those living in rural areas because of wind towers, and $107 million in new property tax revenues for local communities. Other important benefits are environmental. Coal burning facilities would reduce pollution in the atmosphere creating obviously a healthier environment to live in. The battle for the approval of Amendment 37 was one by 5-4 ration. Those who were in the loser’s bracket were looking on this end of the spectrum. These voters’s were probably looking at the cost of this proposal. Even though the cost of such Amendment was repeatedly asked for, they have yet to come up with the grand total. The use of solar energy has some critics worried because solar paneling is very expensive. Xcel which is the largest company that falls under the proposal announced that it plans to increase natural gas prices by 26%. Another company Tri-State G&T announced a 14% increase in its wholesale electricity rates. These increases have many skeptical on whether Amendment 37 will actually save money or will the prices continue to rise eve...